A) held that the true essence of Christianity was the life and actions of Christ and that each person was good and rational.
B) condemned all non-Christian philosophies as false but also rejected church authority.
C) was officially adopted as part of the Reformation.
D) was officially adopted by the Catholic Church.
E) criticized Greek and Roman wisdom as being non-transferable to the sixteenth century.
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A) a new understanding of language, philosophy, and religion.
B) an intense search for classics that young Roman men studied to become educated Romans.
C) a lending library at the Vatican.
D) the creation of private libraries of the classics.
E) co-educational schools.
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A) women should organize a court's discussions.
B) grace was inborn in every nobleman and needed to be drawn out.
C) martial and religious values were no longer fashionable.
D) true gentlemen should have an unstudied naturalness.
E) under no circumstances should a woman dominate a debate.
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A) abstract painting and nonfigurative sculpture.
B) great literary expertise and humanist accomplishments.
C) construction of the first successful airplanes and submarines.
D) chiaroscuro painting and analytical observation.
E) his emphasis on the classics.
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A) more absorbed in Roman history than the Italians.
B) not concerned with local interests.
C) more interested in religious reform.
D) from areas that had been part of the Roman Empire
E) not interested in imitating the past in their work.
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A) a cultural revival intended to revive Classical and early Christian traditions.
B) origins in northern Italy.
C) major advances in the treatment and diagnosis of disease.
D) expansion to the entire West, including Hungary, Poland, and Scandinavia.
E) desire to improve and reform society of the time.
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A) Emperor Constantine had, in fact, given the pope the western half of the Roman Empire to rule.
B) while the document was authentic, spiritual and legal reasons made it invalid.
C) the language in which the document was written indicated it was an eighth-century forgery.
D) the matter of the document's authenticity is irrelevant.
E) the document's use of diadem was not described correctly, and not in use at the time of the document.
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A) Scholastic philosopher.
B) monk with a zeal for reform.
C) ruler of a small but elegant commune.
D) Classical scholar with an exalted idea of ancient Roman values.
E) critic of the guild system.
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